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eLibrary > PD IEC TS 63111:2025 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines. Hydraulic transient analysis, design considerations and testing >

PD IEC TS 63111:2025 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines. Hydraulic transient analysis, design considerations and testing, 2025

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PD IEC TS 63111:2025 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines. Hydraulic transient analysis, design considerations and testing, 2025

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CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units [Go to Page]
3.1 General
3.2 General terminology
3.3 Units
3.4 Terms, definitions, symbols and units
Figures [Go to Page]
Figure 3-1 – Guide vane opening and angle
Figure 3-2 – Reference diameter and bucket width
Figure 3-3 – Flux diagram for power and discharge
Figure 3-4 – Illustration of some definitions related to oscillating quantities
3.5 Abbreviated terms
4 Hydraulic transient basics [Go to Page]
4.1 Elements related to hydraulic transient
Figure 4-1 – General schematic of a typical hydropower plant arrangement
Figure 4-2 – Possible configurations of surge tanks – Sketches 1 to 4
Figure 4-3 – Schematic of a simple pressurised air chamber
Figure 4-4 – Common valve designs
Figure 4-5 – Schematic of sealing ring arrangement (left) and corresponding loss characteristic of valve with sealing ring between 89,9 ° and 90 °
Figure 4-6 – Schematic of spherical valve with pressure balancing bypass
Figure 4-7 – Hydraulic machine application diagram
Figure 4-8 – Schematic view of water jet between nozzle and bucket
Figure 4-9 – Schematic view of 6-jet vertical Pelton-type turbine
Figure 4-10 – Schematic view of Pelton-type turbine runner and bucket
Figure 4-11 – Schematic view of Pelton-type turbine deflector
Figure 4-12 – Schematic view of Francis-type turbine for runner and spiral inlet
Figure 4-13 – Francis typical discharge characteristics; lines of constant guide vane opening (solid) and runaway curve (dashed)
Figure 4-14 – Deriaz sketch and model runner(3 of 6 runner blades removed)
Figure 4-15 – Deriaz typical discharge characteristics – lines of constant guide vane opening (solid) and runaway curve (dashed)
Figure 4-16 – Schematic view of Kaplan-type turbine
Figure 4-17 – Kaplan typical discharge characteristics – lines of constant guide vane opening (solid) and runaway curve (dashed)
Figure 4-18 – Schematic view of a Saxo-type turbine
Figure 4-19 – Schematic layout of a bulb (left) and pit (right) turbine
Figure 4-20 – Schematic layout of a S-downstream (left) andS-upstream (right) turbine
Figure 4-21 – Schematic view of (radial) pump-turbine
Figure 4-22 – Pump-turbine typical 4-quadrant characteristics for a single-regulated (radial) pump-turbine
Figure 4-23 – Multi-stage pump (left), and 4-quadrant pump characteristics (right)
Figure 4-24 – Schematic view of ternary set with Pelton type turbine and storage pump
Figure 4-25 – Relationship between servomotor stroke and distributor opening angle
Figure 4-26 – Schematic arrangement of PRV oil-hydraulically linkedto hydraulic machine
Figure 4-27 – Schematic view of pressure relief valves
Figure 4-28 – Example of ring gate valve discharge characteristics
4.2 Hydraulic transient phenomena
Figure 4-29 – Possible mode changes for pump-turbine
4.3 Relevant hydraulic transient constant
4.4 Types of transient load cases
4.5 Depths of transient analysis at different project stages
4.6 Limitations and exclusions of the specifications
5 Modelling and computation methods [Go to Page]
5.1 Governing equations
Figure 5-1 – Nikuradse-Moody diagram for Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient
Tables [Go to Page]
Table 5-1 – Pipe elasticity dA/(A·dp) depending on type of support for thin-walled pipes
Table 5-2 – Pipe elasticity dA/(A·dp) depending on type of support for thick-walled pipes
Table 5-3 – Material properties of common materials in hydropower
Table 5-4 – Typical wave speed in different pipe arrangements
5.2 Solution methods
Figure 5-2 – Pressurized pipe subject to downstream flow control device closure inducing waterhammer pressure wave
Figure 5-3 – Pressurized pipe subject to downstream flow control device instantaneous closure inducing direct waterhammer with steep pressure wave front
Figure 5-4 – Pressurized pipe subject to downstream flow control device with closure time equal to 2 × L/a inducing reduced waterhammer with linear pressure wave front in case of linear discharge reduction over time
Figure 5-5 – Negative waterhammer pressure wave downstreamof a closing flow control device
Figure 5-6 – Set of characteristic line in [H-Q] plane (top) linked to characteristic line in the [x-t] plane (bottom) for progressive waves and retrograde waves
Figure 5-7 – Simple hydraulic system with upper reservoir, pressurized pipe and downstream end valve considered for waterhammer calculation with graphical method
Figure 5-8 – Head versus discharge diagram obtained from waterhammer calculation of a valve closing in time of Tclosure = 4 × L/a using graphical method (left) and corresponding time domain evolution of the valve discharge and head (right)
Figure 5-9 – Characteristic lines in the x-t plane
5.3 Wave speed adaptations and accuracy
Figure 5-10 – Wave speed adaptation of pipes
5.4 Hydraulic components modelling
Figure 5-11 – Schematic sketch of a pipe element
Table 5-5 – Example of wave speed adaptation for 3 different pipes
Figure 5-12 – Equivalent pipe
Figure 5-13 – Schematic sketch of a valve
Figure 5-14 – Schematic representation of a free surface surge tank
Table 5-6 – Definition of head loss coefficients for valves
Figure 5-15 – Example of computation of a surge tank’s hydraulic inductance
Figure 5-16 – Schematic sketch of a pressurized air chamber (air cushion surge chamber)
Figure 5-17 – Typical runner profiles of a Francis turbine depending on specific speed
Figure 5-18 – Typical examples of performance characteristics for Francis turbines, reversible Francis pump-turbines, Pelton turbines and axial turbines
Figure 5-19 – Francis turbine reference diameter Ds and corresponding elevation to be considered for draft tube pressure calculation
5.5 Limitations of the models for different purposes
Table 5-7 – Recommended minimum modelling complexity for different project stages
5.6 Validation (Performance) of transient analysis software
6 Hydraulic transient calculation [Go to Page]
6.1 General
6.2 Transient load case definition and computation methodology
Figure 6-1 – Sketch of typical load cases
Figure 6-2 – Sketch of water level boundary conditions
Figure 6-3 – Typical turbine operating range head versus discharge
Figure 6-4 – Typical pump operating range head versus discharge
Figure 6-5 – Example of a closing law of a reversible Francis unit in pump mode
Figure 6-6 – Example of a typical guide vane closing law with two slopes
Figure 6-7 – Example of guide vane closing law effect on overspeed and overpressure
Figure 6-8 – Example of closing and opening laws of guide vanes and MIV
Figure 6-9 – Example of the simultaneous closing sequence of blades, guide vanes and downstream gate for a Bulb unit subjected to a load rejection
Figure 6-10 – Example of final conditions of a transient computation case for overpressure (top figure) and pressure drop (bottom figure)
Table 6-1 – Locations of interest and corresponding critical value to be assessed through numerical simulations
6.3 Short list of load cases
6.4 Identification of load cases by critical values
Table 6-2 – Load cases by critical values – Overspeed
Table 6-3 – Load cases by critical values – Static pressure rise
Table 6-4 – Load cases by critical values – Static pressure drop
Table 6-5 – Load cases by critical values – Water levels
6.5 Identification of load cases by project stage
Table 6-6 – Normal load cases
Table 6-7 – Exceptional load cases
Table 6-8 – Catastrophic load cases
6.6 Identification of load cases by machine type
Table 6-9 – Combined load cases
Table 6-10 – Normal load cases
Table 6-11 – Exceptional load cases
Table 6-12 – Catastrophic load cases
Table 6-13 – Combined load cases
6.7 Identification of load cases by plant layout
Table 6-14 – Normal load cases
Table 6-15 – Exceptional load cases
Table 6-16 – Catastrophic load cases
6.8 Identification of load cases corresponding to field tests or commissioning
Table 6-17 – Combined load cases
6.9 Example of how to build a table of load cases
7 Prototype hydraulic transient test [Go to Page]
7.1 General
7.2 Measurement quantities
7.3 Measurement techniques
Figure 7-1 – Checking of instrument
7.4 Frequency range selection
Figure 7-2 – Illustration of 97 % confidence level
7.5 Uncertainties in measurements and presentation of results
7.6 Recommended tests
7.7 Field measurement report
8 Comparison between site measurements and calculations [Go to Page]
8.1 General
8.2 Direct comparison of transient results with guaranteed values
8.3 Comparison of transient tests with numerical simulations results
Figure 8-1 – Comparison between measured signal and simulated signal
Table 8-1 – Typical model uncertainty (MU %)
8.4 Considerations of the fluctuating quantities
Figure 8-2 – Graph illustrating raw data and filtered data
8.5 Adjustment of unit during field tests
Figure 8-3 – Determination of the fluctuating quantity Y, the absolute difference between the filtered data and the average data
8.6 Comparison of simulated results with expected or guaranteed values
8.7 Updated calculation report
Annex A (informative) Example of load cases for different plant layouts and project stages [Go to Page]
A.1 Disclaimer
A.2 List of examples
A.3 Francis turbine with PRV at offer phase [Go to Page]
A.3.1 Layout description
A.3.2 Operating range definition
Figure A.1 – Hydraulic layout including Francis turbines with PRV [Go to Page]
A.3.3 Table of load cases
Figure A.2 – Definition of Francis turbine operating points
A.4 Pelton turbine with a surge tank at feasibility phase [Go to Page]
A.4.1 Layout description
A.4.2 Operating range definition
Figure A.3 – Hydraulic layout including Pelton turbines with a surge tank [Go to Page]
A.4.3 Table of load cases
Figure A.4 – Definition of Pelton turbine operating points
A.5 Kaplan turbine at execution phase [Go to Page]
A.5.1 Layout description
A.5.2 Operating range definition
Figure A.5 – Hydraulic layout including Kaplan turbines [Go to Page]
A.5.3 Table of load cases
Figure A.6 – Definition of Kaplan turbine operating points
A.6 Bulb turbine at offer phase [Go to Page]
A.6.1 Layout description
A.6.2 Operating range definition
Figure A.7 – Hydraulic layout including Bulb turbines [Go to Page]
A.6.3 Table of load cases
Figure A.8 – Definition of Bulb turbine operating points
A.7 Reversible Francis pump-turbine at feasibility phase [Go to Page]
A.7.1 Layout description
A.7.2 Operating range definition
Figure A.9 – Hydraulic layout including reversible Francis pump-turbines [Go to Page]
A.7.3 Table of load cases
Figure A.10 – Definition of Francis turbine operating points
Figure A.11 – Definition of typical Francis pump-turbine operating points in pump mode
A.8 Ternary unit at execution phase [Go to Page]
A.8.1 Layout description
A.8.2 Operating range definition
Figure A.12 – Hydraulic layout including ternary unit [Go to Page]
A.8.3 Table of load cases
Figure A.13 – Definition of Pelton turbine operating points
Figure A.14 – Definition of pump operating points
Annex B (informative) Optional model tests and CFD analysis [Go to Page]
B.1 General
B.2 Hydraulic machine characteristics
Figure B.1 – Comparison of pump-turbine four quadrant characteristics between high sigma and sigma plant
Figure B.2 – Example of influence of asynchronous opening of two guide vanes on the pump-turbine hill chart (dashed lines are the original more pronounced S-shape characteristic, solid lines are the new less pronounced S-shape characteristic assuming two guide vanes operating asynchronously)
Figure B.3 – Example of pump-turbine start-up failingto synchronise due to S-shape instability
Figure B.4 – Example of pump-turbine start-up with successful synchronisation and loading with partially open main inlet valve
B.3 Advanced valves characteristics
B.4 Surge tanks [Go to Page]
B.4.1 General
B.4.2 Steady state flow measurement
Figure B.5 – Example of flow streamlines through a butterfly valve computed from CFD [Go to Page]
B.4.3 Transient flow measurements
Figure B.6 – Example of flow physical model test of surge tank and related comparison of CFD computation results with streamlines for surge tank inflow conditions
B.5 Open channel flow
Figure B.7 – Example of downstream surge tank transient physical model test to evaluate the impact of free surface waves, possible air admission and slugs and shocks phenomena
Figure B.8 – Example of free surface flow physical model tests developing in tailrace tunnel and comparison of related CFD results of hydraulic jump at bifurcation
B.6 Intakes and outlets
Figure B.9 – Example of the comparison between site disjunction wave and reduced scale model tests (1/35)
B.7 Manifold model test
Figure B.10 – Example of free surface flow physical model tests of intake and development of free surface vortex for extreme flow conditions
Figure B.11 – Example of physical model tests of manifold and identificationof flow separation using ink injection
B.8 Integrated model test of hydropower generating system [Go to Page]
B.8.1 Basic methodology and components of the integrated model
Figure B.12 – Photo and overall illustration of an integrated physical model of hydropower generating system [Go to Page]
B.8.2 Similarity law and model scale
Figure B.13 – Operating trajectories as dynamic loops in the S-shaped region of hydraulic machine
Table B.1 – Similarity law and model scale of integrated model test of hydropower generating system
Annex C (informative) Examples of sample calculation of the value to be compared to the guarantee [Go to Page]
Figure C.1 – Penstock pressure – Fluctuating quantity
Figure C.2 – Penstock pressure – Averaged measured value and simulation
Figure C.3 – Draft tube pressure fluctuating quantity
Figure C.4 – Draft tube pressure – Averaged measured value and simulation
Bibliography [Go to Page]

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