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eLibrary >
PD CEN/TR 17005:2016 Sustainability of construction works. Additional environmental impact categories and indicators. Background information and possibilities. Evaluation of the possibility of adding environmental impact categories and related indicators >
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PD CEN/TR 17005:2016 Sustainability of construction works. Additional environmental impact categories and indicators. Background information and possibilities. Evaluation of the possibility of adding environmental impact categories and related indicators , 2016
- 64_e_stf.pdf [Go to Page]
- 0BContents Page
- Contents Page
- European foreword
- Figure 1 — Domain of LCA ([14], p. 33)
- Introduction
- 1 Scope
- 2 The need for additional impact categories [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Environmental relevance
- Figure 2 — Relevance of different impact categories on building level based on cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave assessment – impact assessment method = SuFiQuaD, based on [19] [Go to Page]
- 2.2 Policy relevance
- 2.3 Conclusions
- 3 Evaluation criteria for additional environmental impact categories for CEN/TC 350 [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Introduction [Go to Page]
- 3.1.1 General
- 3.1.2 Criteria related to standardization
- 3.1.3 Criteria related to the LCIA models and indicators
- 3.2 Evaluation framework for additional environmental impact categories for CEN/TC 350 [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 General
- 3.2.2 Environmental relevance – Standardization (step 1)
- 3.2.3 Relevance for buildings (step 2a)
- 3.2.4 Relevance for construction products (step 2b)
- 3.2.5 Policy relevance (step 3)
- 3.2.6 Performance based (step 4a)
- 3.2.7 Quantifiable (step 4b)
- 3.2.8 Scientific robustness and certainty (step 5)
- 3.2.9 Applicability of the life cycle impact assessment method/model (step 6)
- 3.2.10 Stakeholder acceptance of the impact assessment model (step 7)
- 3.3 Compliance criteria of the ILCD handbook
- 3.4 Information sources regarding the additional impact categories
- 4 The evaluation of additional impact categories [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General
- 4.2 Human toxicity: Cancer and non-cancer effects [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Description [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1.1 General
- 4.2.1.2 Mechanisms
- Figure 4 — Cause-effect chain for human toxicity effects (including mechanisms for ionizing radiation and respiratory effects associated with particulate matter, see 4.4 and 4.5). [5] [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1.3 Health impact
- Figure 5 — Recommended framework for calculating characterization factors for human toxicity effects in LCA ([5], based on [27] and [28])
- Table 1 — Factors causing the different performance of the characterization models [29] [Go to Page]
- 4.2.2 Relevance of human toxicity (step 1+2+3) [Go to Page]
- 4.2.2.1 Environmental relevance (relevance for human health) (step 1)
- 4.2.2.2 Relevance for buildings (step 2a)
- 4.2.2.3 Relevance for construction products (step 2b)
- Figure 6 — Comparative damage to human health assessment of 8 impact categories, expressed in DALY in a log scale, adapted from Humbert (2014) [44] [Go to Page]
- 4.2.2.4 Policy relevance (step 3)
- 4.2.2.5 Conclusion from evaluation of the relevance criteria in relation to CEN/TC 350 standards
- 4.2.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4)
- Table 2 — List of available LCIA models/methods and effects each of the methods is covering, based on the ILCD Handbook (JRC, 2011) [Go to Page]
- 4.2.4 Scientific substantiation of available LCIA methods (step 5)
- Table 3 — Overview of the evaluation of available LCIA methods/models regarding human toxicity, adapted from the ILCD Handbook ([4] 2011) [Go to Page]
- 4.2.5 Applicability (step 6) [Go to Page]
- 4.2.5.1 General
- 4.2.5.2 Applicability: Data availability (LCI quality, characterization factors)
- 4.2.5.3 Applicability: Experience
- 4.2.5.4 Applicability: availability within widely used tools
- 4.2.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7)
- 4.2.7 Conclusions on methodology [Go to Page]
- 4.2.7.1 Strengths
- Table 4 — Advances in the characterization modelling of metals in USEtox (“-“ = not considered, “✓” = considered, “%” = partially considered, “+” = research needed “n.a.” = not applicable) [42] [Go to Page]
- 4.2.7.2 Weaknesses
- 4.2.8 Overall conclusions on human toxicity
- 4.3 Ecotoxicity: Terrestrial, freshwater and marine [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Description of impact category [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1.1 General
- 4.3.1.2 Mechanisms
- Figure 7 — Cause-effect chain for ecotoxicity effects [5] [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1.3 Quality of ecosystems
- Figure 8 — Recommended framework for calculating characterization factors for ecotoxicity effects in LCA ([5], based on [27] and [28])
- Table 5 — Factors causing the different performance of the characterization models [29] [Go to Page]
- 4.3.2 Relevance of ecotoxicity – standardization (step 1+2+3) [Go to Page]
- 4.3.2.1 Environmental relevance (step 1)
- 4.3.2.2 Relevance for buildings (step 2a)
- 4.3.2.3 Relevance for construction products (step 2b)
- 4.3.2.4 Policy relevance (step 3)
- 4.3.2.5 Conclusion from evaluation of the relevance criteria in relation to CEN/TC 350 standards
- 4.3.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4)
- Table 6 — List of available LCIA models/methods and effects each of the methods is covering, based on the ILCD Handbook [4] [Go to Page]
- 4.3.4 Scientific substantiation of available LCIA methods (step 5)
- Table 7 — Overview of the evaluation of available LCIA methods/models regarding ecotoxicity, adapted from the ILCD Handbook [4] [Go to Page]
- 4.3.5 Applicability (step 6) [Go to Page]
- 4.3.5.1 General
- 4.3.5.2 Applicability: data availability (LCI quality, characterization factors)
- 4.3.5.3 Applicability: experience
- 4.3.5.4 Applicability: availability within widely used tools
- 4.3.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7)
- 4.3.7 Conclusions on methodology [Go to Page]
- 4.3.7.1 Strengths
- Table 8 — Advances in the characterization modelling of metals in USEtox (“-“ = not considered, “✓” = considered, “%” = partially considered, “+” = research needed “n.a.” = not applicable) [42] [Go to Page]
- 4.3.7.2 Weaknesses
- 4.3.8 Overall conclusions on ecotoxicity
- 4.4 Particulate matter formation [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 Description of impact category [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1.1 General
- 4.4.1.2 Mechanisms
- Figure 9 — Size of PM and accumulated mass or concentration [68]
- Figure 10 — Particle sizes: scale and order of magnitude [69] [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1.3 Health impact
- Figure 11 — Emission-to-damage framework for particulate matter for assessing health effects as a depiction of Formula (1) [72] [73]
- Figure 12 — Comparative damage to human health assessment of 8 impact categories, expressed in DALY in a log scale, adapted from Humbert (2014) 32F [Go to Page]
- 4.4.2 Relevance of particulate matter formation (step 1+2+3) [Go to Page]
- 4.4.2.1 Relevance for the environment/human health (step 1)
- Figure 13 — Damage due to PM as a share on end point category total human health assessed with three different methods [71] [Go to Page]
- 4.4.2.2 Relevance for buildings (step 2a)
- Table 9 — Top 5 classification of sub-sector or economic activity category in total national PM10 emissions in France [69] and The Netherlands [82] respectively for the year 2012 [Go to Page]
- 4.4.2.3 Relevance for construction products (step 2b)
- Figure 14 — UK PM10 emissions by source sector for 2008 ([86] p. 3) [Go to Page]
- 4.4.2.4 Policy relevance (step 3)
- Figure 15 — Sector share for emissions primary PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter. EEA aggregated and gap-filled air emission data set, based on 2013 officially reported national total and sectorial emissions to UNECE LRTAP Convention [81]
- Figure 16 — Urban population exposure to air pollution by particulate matter, μg/m3, 2012 [106] [Go to Page]
- 4.4.2.5 Conclusion from evaluation of the relevance criteria in relation to CEN/TC 350 standards
- 4.4.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4)
- Table 10 — List of available LCIA methods regarding PM, assessed within the ILCD Handbook [4] (Any text in italics in the table is additional to the description based on the ILCD Handbook.) [Go to Page]
- 4.4.4 Scientific substantiation of the available LCIA methods (step 5)
- Table 11 — Overview of the evaluation of available LCIA methods regarding PM. (ILCD Handbook [4])
- Table 12 — Updated evaluation of LCIA method Humbert [100], based on analysis of the drafting team in consultation with the JRC
- Table 13 — Overview of the evaluation of LCIA method Notter and Althaus [71] [Go to Page]
- 4.4.5 Applicability (step 6) [Go to Page]
- 4.4.5.1 General
- 4.4.5.2 Applicability: data availability (LCI quality, characterization factors)
- 4.4.5.3 Applicability: Experience
- 4.4.5.4 Applicability: availability within widely used tools
- 4.4.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7)
- 4.4.7 Conclusions on methodology [Go to Page]
- 4.4.7.1 Strengths
- 4.4.7.2 Weaknesses
- 4.4.7.3 LCIA method and indicator
- 4.4.8 Overall conclusions on particulate matter
- 4.5 Ionizing radiation: human health and ecosystem health [Go to Page]
- 4.5.1 Description [Go to Page]
- 4.5.1.1 General
- 4.5.1.2 Mechanisms
- 4.5.1.3 Health impact
- Figure 17 — Overview of impact pathway stages of radioactive releases for human health (Frischknecht et al 2000 in EC-JRC 2011 [4]: p. 43) [Go to Page]
- 4.5.1.4 Quality of ecosystems
- Figure 18 — Overview of impact pathway on ecosystem for radioactive releases to freshwater. Plain lines refer to physical transfers of radioactive substances, whereas dotted lines correspond to exposures to radioactive radiation (EC-JRC 2011 [4]: p. 43) [Go to Page]
- 4.5.2 Relevance of ionizing radiation (step 1+2+3) [Go to Page]
- 4.5.2.1 Relevance for the environment/human health + quality of ecosystems (step 1)
- 4.5.2.2 Relevance for buildings (step 2a)
- Figure 19 — LEFT: Average annual radiation exposure of a person in the UK (2.7 mSv overall) (Public Health England 2013), RIGHT: Proportion of the different sources of ionizing radiation dose in the load of the population in Flanders in 2006 (MIRA [130])
- Figure 20 — Gross electricity production by fuel, EU-27, 2012 [133]
- Table 14 — Regional normalized per-capita impact scores for 2011 (normalization within global electricity generation sector)a ([129]: Table S2)
- Figure 21 — Environmental impact assessment of 1 MJ electricity, nuclear, at power plant, assessed with ReCiPe – end point (H,A) [Go to Page]
- 4.5.2.3 Relevance for construction products (step 2b)
- Table 15 — Typical and maximum activity concentrations in common building materials and industrial by-products used for building materials in the EU; typical concentrations are population-weighted national means of different Member States [134] [Go to Page]
- 4.5.2.4 Policy relevance (step 3)
- 4.5.2.5 Conclusion from evaluation of the relevance criteria in relation to CEN/TC 350 standards
- 4.5.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4)
- 4.5.4 Scientific substantiation of the available LCIA methods (step 5)
- Table 16 — Overview of the evaluation of available LCIA methods/models regarding ionizing radiation: human health [4]
- Table 17 — Overview of the evaluation of available LCIA methods/models regarding ionizing radiation: ecosystem health [4] [Go to Page]
- 4.5.5 Applicability (step 6) [Go to Page]
- 4.5.5.1 General
- 4.5.5.2 Applicability: data availability (LCI, characterization factors)
- 4.5.5.3 Applicability: experience
- 4.5.5.4 Applicability: availability within widely used tools
- 4.5.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7)
- 4.5.7 Conclusions on methodology [Go to Page]
- 4.5.7.1 Strengths
- 4.5.7.2 Weaknesses
- 4.5.7.3 LCIA method and indicator
- 4.5.8 Overall conclusions on ionizing radiation
- 4.6 Land use: Occupation and transformation / Biodiversity [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1 Description [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1.1 General
- 4.6.1.2 Mechanisms
- Table 18 — Functions of land, presented by Antón36F and adapted from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment37F [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1.3 Cause-effect pathways
- Figure 22 — Cause-effect chain for land use impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services ([147], pp. 1194) [Go to Page]
- 4.6.2 Relevance of land use (step 1+2+3) [Go to Page]
- 4.6.2.1 Relevance for the environment (step 1)
- 4.6.2.2 Relevance for buildings (step 2a)
- Figure 23 — Schematic representation of in situ and embodied land use
- Figure 24 — Residential, economic and infrastructure-related areas as share of land use, by NUTS 2 regions, 2009 (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Residential,_economic_and_infrastructure-related_areas_as_share_of_land_...
- Figure 25 — Sector share of converted land in total land use change (%), 2000-2006, EU-27, EFTA, Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Agri-environmental_indicator_-_land_use_change)
- Figure 26 — Aggregated environmental profiles (differentiating between CEN and CEN+ impact categories) for several technical solutions for the building element 'floor on solid ground', expressed in monetary units (based on [137]: p. 60)
- Figure 27 — Aggregated environmental profiles (differentiating between CEN and CEN+ impact categories) for several technical solutions for the building element 'exterior wall', expressed in monetary units (based on [137]: p. 70) [Go to Page]
- 4.6.2.3 Relevance for construction products (step 2b)
- 4.6.2.4 Policy relevance (step 3)
- 4.6.2.5 Conclusion from evaluation of the relevance criteria in relation to CEN/TC 350 standards
- 4.6.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4)
- Table 19 — List of available LCIA models/methods and effects each of the methods covers, based on the ILCD Handbook [4]
- Figure 28 — Flow diagram of the cause-effect chain of land use with indication of the scope of the available impact assessment models from Table 23 ([4]: p. 88) [Go to Page]
- 4.6.4 Scientific substantiation of the available LCIA methods (step 5)
- Table 20 — Overview of the evaluation of available LCIA methods/models regarding land use [4]
- Table 21 — Overview of the assessment by Antón on the pieces soil organic matter and soil loss for the impact category land use, based on the presentation given by Antón [Go to Page]
- 4.6.5 Applicability (step 6) [Go to Page]
- 4.6.5.1 General
- 4.6.5.2 Applicability: Data availability (LCI quality, characterization factors)
- 4.6.5.3 Applicability: Experience
- 4.6.5.4 Applicability: availability within widely used tools
- 4.6.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7)
- 4.6.7 Conclusions on methodology [Go to Page]
- 4.6.7.1 Strengths
- 4.6.7.2 Weaknesses
- 4.6.8 Overall conclusions on land use
- 4.7 Water scarcity [Go to Page]
- 4.7.1 Description [Go to Page]
- 4.7.1.1 General
- 4.7.1.2 Mechanisms
- Figure 29 — The water cycle [168]
- Figure 30 — Water volumes in the hydrosphere ([111] based on [120])
- Figure 31 — Fresh (blue) water availability in the World in 1995 [154]
- Figure 32 — Water Withdrawals in the World in 1995 [154]
- Figure 33 — Withdrawal-to-availability Ratio in the World in 1995 [154] [Go to Page]
- 4.7.1.3 Human health
- Figure 34 — Cause–effect chains leading from the inventory to the areas of protection of human health, ecosystem quality, and resources ([161], adapted from Bayart et al. 2010) [Go to Page]
- 4.7.1.4 Quality of ecosystems
- 4.7.1.5 Depletion of resources
- 4.7.2 Relevance of water scarcity (step 1+2+3) [Go to Page]
- 4.7.2.1 Relevance for the environment (step 1)
- 4.7.2.2 Relevance for buildings (step 2a)
- 4.7.2.3 Relevance for construction products (step 2b)
- 4.7.2.4 Policy relevance (step 3)
- 4.7.2.5 Conclusion from evaluation of the relevance criteria in relation to TC350 standards
- 4.7.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4)
- Figure 35 — Scope of and relationship between the available freshwater use inventory and impact assessment methods with classification for the three areas of protection [161]
- Figure 36 — Chosen impact pathways for WULCA’s consensus building work [155] [Go to Page]
- 4.7.4 Scientific substantiation of the available LCIA methods (step 5)
- Table 22 — Overview of the evaluation of available LCIA methods/models regarding water scarcity [4]
- Table 23 — Overview of the evaluation of available LCIA midpoint methods/models regarding water scarcity, based on the supplementary information provided in the paper of Kounina et al. [161] and based on own evaluation, after consultation with the EC-... [Go to Page]
- 4.7.5 Applicability (step 6) [Go to Page]
- 4.7.5.1 General
- 4.7.5.2 Applicability: data availability (LCI quality, characterization factors)
- 4.7.5.3 Applicability: Experience
- 4.7.5.4 Applicability: availability within widely used tools
- 4.7.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7)
- 4.7.7 Conclusions on methodology [Go to Page]
- 4.7.7.1 Strengths
- 4.7.7.2 Weaknesses
- 4.7.7.3 LCIA method and indicator
- 4.7.8 Overall conclusions on water scarcity
- 5 Overview of intermediate non-LCA indicators [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Land use/biodiversity assessed in BREEAM [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 General
- Figure 37 — Assessment categories used in BREEAM NC (New Construction) 2014
- Figure 38 — Whole life assessment of buildings using BREEAM schemes (UK and international) [Go to Page]
- 5.2.2 Land Use and Biodiversity
- 5.3 DGNB51F [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 General
- 5.3.2 Land Use and Biodiversity
- 5.4 HQE52F
- Annex A (informative) Possibilities for uptake in standardization process
- A.1 Introduction
- A.2 Structure of the table
- Table A.1 — Options for uptake of additional impact categories and indicators in standardization
- Annex B (informative) Recommended methods for life cycle impact assessment within ILCD Handbook
- Table B.1 — Recommended methods and their classification at midpoint level, according to JRC (2011) [4]
- Table B.2 — Recommended methods and their classification at end point level, according to JRC (2011)
- Annex C (informative) Life cycle impact assessment within the ILCD Handbook
- Annex D (informative) General criteria and sub-criteria for the analysis of characterization models within ILCD Handbook
- Table D.1 — General criteria and sub-criteria for the analysis of characterization models, from JRC (2010)
- Annex E (informative) Description of the general literature sources consulted
- Annex F (informative) Illustration of land use types in LCIA methods
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
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