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BS EN IEC 62127-2:2025 Ultrasonics. Hydrophones - Calibration for ultrasonic fields, 2025
- undefined
- Annex ZA (normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications [Go to Page]
- English [Go to Page]
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 List of symbols
- 5 Overview of calibration procedures [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Principles
- 5.2 Summary of calibration procedures
- 5.3 Reporting of results
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – List of typical uncertainty values (for 95 % coverage) obtained by the calibration methods specified in this document and for the frequency range listed
- 5.4 Recommended calibration periods
- 6 Generic requirements of a hydrophone calibration system [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Mechanical positioning [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 General
- 6.1.2 Accuracy of the axial hydrophone position
- 6.1.3 Accuracy of the lateral hydrophone position
- 6.2 Temperature measurements and temperature stability
- 6.3 Hydrophone size
- 6.4 Measurement vessel and water properties
- 6.5 Measurement of output voltage
- 7 Electrical considerations [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Signal type
- 7.2 Earthing
- 7.3 Measurement of hydrophone output voltage [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 Electrical loading by measuring instrument
- 7.3.3 Electrical loading by extension cables
- 7.3.4 Noise
- 7.3.5 Cross-talk (radio-frequency rf pick-up) and acoustic interference
- 7.3.6 Integral hydrophone pre-amplifiers
- 8 Preparation of hydrophones [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- 8.2 Wetting
- 8.3 Hydrophone support
- 8.4 Influence of cable
- 9 Free field reciprocity calibration [Go to Page]
- 9.1 General
- 9.2 Object
- 9.3 General principles [Go to Page]
- 9.3.1 General
- 9.3.2 Three-transducer reciprocity calibration method
- 9.3.3 Self-reciprocity calibration method
- 9.3.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method
- 9.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method [Go to Page]
- 9.4.1 General
- 9.4.2 Auxiliary transducers
- 9.4.3 Reflector
- 9.4.4 Measurement field
- 9.4.5 Reciprocity approach
- 9.4.6 Measurement procedure
- 10 Free field calibration by planar scanning [Go to Page]
- 10.1 General
- 10.2 Object
- 10.3 General principle
- 10.4 Procedural requirements [Go to Page]
- 10.4.1 Hydrophone scanning
- 10.4.2 Power measurement
- 10.4.3 Transducer mounting
- 10.4.4 Measurement conditions
- 10.4.5 Measurements
- 10.5 Corrections and sources of uncertainty
- 11 Free field calibration by optical interferometry [Go to Page]
- 11.1 General
- 11.2 Principle
- 12 Calibration by comparison using a standard hydrophone [Go to Page]
- 12.1 General
- 12.2 Object
- 12.3 Principle
- 12.4 Procedural requirements [Go to Page]
- 12.4.1 Source transducer
- 12.4.2 Source transducer drive signal
- 12.4.3 Measurement system
- 12.5 Procedure [Go to Page]
- 12.5.1 Measurements (Type I): determination of the directional response of a hydrophone
- 12.5.2 Measurements (Type II): calibration by comparison using a standard hydrophone
- 12.6 Maximum hydrophone size
- Annexes [Go to Page]
- Annex A (informative) Assessment of uncertainty in free field calibration of hydrophones [Go to Page]
- A.1 General
- A.2 Overall (expanded) uncertainty
- A.3 Common sources of uncertainty
- Annex B (informative) Behaviour of PVDF polymer sensors in high-intensity ultrasonic fields [Go to Page]
- B.1 General
- B.2 Theoretical background
- B.3 Tests
- B.4 Results
- B.5 Conclusions
- Annex C (informative) Electrical loading corrections [Go to Page]
- C.1 General
- C.2 Corrections using complex impedance
- C.3 Corrections using only capacitances
- Annex D (informative) Absolute calibration of hydrophones using the planar scanning technique [Go to Page]
- D.1 Overview
- D.2 Hydrophone scanning methodology
- D.3 Corrections and sources of measurement uncertainty [Go to Page]
- D.3.1 Total power
- D.3.2 Received hydrophone signal
- D.3.3 Integration
- D.3.4 Directional response
- D.3.5 Finite size of the hydrophone
- D.3.6 Noise
- D.3.7 Nonlinear propagation
- D.3.8 Planar scanning
- D.3.9 Intensity proportional to pressure squared
- D.4 Rationale behind the planar scanning technique for calibrating hydrophones [Go to Page]
- D.4.1 General
- D.4.2 Relationship between hydrophone and transducer effective radii
- D.4.3 Justification for
- D.4.4 Derivation of Formula (D.2)
- D.4.5 Effect of nonlinear propagation, D.3.7
- Annex E (informative) Properties of water [Go to Page]
- E.1 General
- Table E.1 – Speed of sound c [54],[55] and specific acoustic impedance, ρc, as a function of temperature, for propagation in water
- Annex F (informative) The absolute calibration of hydrophones by optical interferometry [Go to Page]
- F.1 Overview
- F.2 Present position [Go to Page]
- F.2.1 "Magnomic" or nonlinear propagation-based method
- F.2.2 Optical interferometry
- F.2.3 High-frequency implementations of optical interferometry
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure F.1 – Experimental set-up of the interferometric foil technique
- Figure F.2 – End-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity level of a coplanar membrane hydrophone
- Figure F.3 – Experimental set-up of the heterodyne vibrometer technique
- Figure F.4 – Measured frequency-dependent radial profiles of the acoustic pulse field
- Figure F.5 – Experimentally determined spatial averaging correction versus frequency for hydrophones of different effective element diameter, deff
- Figure F.6 – End-of-cable loaded sensitivity level and sensitivity phase of a coplanar membrane hydrophone assembly at 50 Ω termination
- Figure F.7 – Hydrophone waveform generated by a 9 µm coplanar membrane hydrophone positioned at the focus of a 5 MHz transducer (focal length 51 mm)
- Figure F.8 – Interferometer displacement waveform generated with the pellicle positioned at the focus of the 5 MHz transducer (focal position 51 mm)
- Figure F.9 – Frequency spectrum of the displacement waveform (lower curve) and the differentiated displacement waveform (upper curve)
- Figure F.10 – Sensitivity of a 0,2 mm active element diameter of a 9 µm bilaminar membrane hydrophone determined at 5 MHz intervals over the frequency range 5 MHz to 60 MHz
- Annex G (informative) Waveform concepts [Go to Page]
- G.1 Overview
- G.2 Temporal waveform, frequency concepts and hydrophone positioning for comparison calibrations of hydrophones
- Table G.1 – Temporal waveform and hydrophone position concepts described in Annex G [Go to Page]
- G.3 Temporal waveform and frequency coverage concepts [Go to Page]
- G.3.1 Using a narrow-band tone-burst (concept a)
- G.3.2 Using a broadband waveform resulting from a narrow-band tone-burst after nonlinear propagation (concept b)
- G.3.3 Using a broadband pulse (concept c)
- G.3.4 Using a continuous wave frequency sweep with time delay spectrometry (concept d)
- G.3.5 Continuous wave frequency sweep with TGFA (concept e)
- G.4 Hydrophone position concepts [Go to Page]
- G.4.1 Near-field hydrophone position (concept A)
- G.4.2 Far field hydrophone position (concept B)
- G.4.3 Far field hydrophone position with special reference to a long propagation path in order to achieve nonlinear distortion (concept C)
- G.4.4 Geometric spherical focus position with focusing source transducer (low voltage or linear excitation) (concept D)
- G.4.5 Geometric spherical focus position with focusing source transducer and high voltage excitation in order to achieve nonlinear distortion (concept E)
- G.5 Special considerations for calibrations close to the face of a transducer [Go to Page]
- G.5.1 General requirement
- G.5.2 Influence of edge waves
- G.5.3 Potential influence of head waves
- G.5.4 Treatment of head waves close to the transducer
- Figure G.1 – Coordinates of a field point P in the near field of a plane-circular source transducer of radius at [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- G.5.5 Statements on the usable paraxial plane wave region in the case of a near-field hydrophone position, considering both edge wave and head wave contributions
- Annex H (informative) Time delay spectrometry – Requirements and a brief review of the technique [Go to Page]
- H.1 General
- H.2 Calibration and performance evaluation of ultrasonic hydrophones using time delay spectrometry [Go to Page]
- H.2.1 Ultrasonic field parameter measured
- H.2.2 Ultrasonic frequency range over which the technique is applicable
- H.2.3 Ultrasonic field configuration for which the technique is applicable
- H.2.4 Spatial resolution
- H.2.5 Sensitivity of the technique
- H.2.6 Range over which the sensitivity is measured
- H.2.7 Reproducibility
- H.2.8 Impulse response
- H.2.9 Procedure for performing measurements
- H.3 Measurement procedure for sensitivity intercomparison
- H.4 Measurement procedure (reciprocity calibration)
- H.5 Limitations
- Annex I (informative) Determination of the phase response of hydrophones [Go to Page]
- I.1 Overview
- I.2 Coherent time delay spectrometry [Go to Page]
- I.2.1 Principle of operation
- I.2.2 Example results
- I.2.3 Uncertainties
- Figure I.1 – Phase of end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity for two membrane hydrophones
- Table I.1 – Example of uncertainties (where a coverage factor, k = 2, is used) for a HTDS phase calibration of a needle hydrophone with a diameter of 0,2 mm, expressed at a confidence level of 95 % [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- I.2.4 Limitations
- I.3 Pulse calibration technique with optical multilayer hydrophone [Go to Page]
- I.3.1 Principle of operation
- I.3.2 Example of results
- I.3.3 Uncertainties
- I.3.4 Limitations
- Figure I.2 – Phase of end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity for a 0,2 mm diameter needle hydrophone [Go to Page]
- I.4 Nonlinear pulse propagation modelling [Go to Page]
- I.4.1 Principle of operation
- I.4.2 Limitations
- Annex J (informative) Maximum size considerations for the active element of a hydrophone [Go to Page]
- J.1 Maximum hydrophone size in the near field case (Annex G – hydrophone position concept A)
- J.2 Maximum hydrophone size in the far field case (Annex G – hydrophone position concept B)
- J.3 Maximum hydrophone size in the far field case with special reference to a long propagation path in order to achieve nonlinear distortion (Annex G – hydrophone position concept C)
- Annex K (informative) Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method [Go to Page]
- K.1 General
- K.2 Fundamentals of reciprocity
- K.3 Electrical quantities
- K.4 Diffraction correction and loss due to nonlinear sound propagation
- K.5 Ultrasonic field
- K.6 Experimental set-up [Go to Page]
- K.6.1 General
- K.6.2 Twisting reflector
- K.6.3 Translational reflector
- K.6.4 Translational auxiliary transducer
- Figure K.1 – Experimental set-up with a twisting reflector [22]
- Figure K.2 – Experimental set-up with a translational reflector [23] [Go to Page]
- K.7 Hydrophone calibration using a calibrated spherically curved auxiliary transducer based on the self-reciprocity method
- Figure K.3 – Experimental set-up with a translational auxiliary transducer [24]
- Figure K.4 – Relationship of Gc and θm(°) for several values of kah
- Table K.1 – Values of the correction coefficient Gc(kah, θm) for the spatial average effect of the free-field acoustic pressure over the hydrophone surface if it were removed
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
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