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eLibrary >
BS EN 1993-5:2025 - TC Tracked Changes. Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures - Piling >
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BS EN 1993-5:2025 - TC Tracked Changes. Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures - Piling, 2025
- A-30443606.pdf [Go to Page]
- undefined
- European foreword
- 0 Introduction
- 1 Scope [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Scope of EN 1993-5
- 1.2 Assumptions
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms, definitions, symbols [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Terms and definitions [Go to Page]
- 3.1.1 Terms and definitions for piles
- 3.1.2 Terms and definitions relating to anchors, tension piles and waling
- Figure 3.1 — Examples of typical pile sections
- Figure 3.2 — Schematic examples of retaining walls
- Figure 3.3 — Examples of pile configurations for retaining walls
- Figure 3.4 — Cellular structure
- Figure 3.5 — Example junction piles
- Figure 3.6 — Examples of anchorage head connections [Go to Page]
- 3.2 Symbols [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 General
- 3.2.2 Latin upper-case symbols
- 3.2.3 Latin lower-case symbols
- 3.2.4 Greek symbols
- 3.3 Convention for sheet pile axes
- Figure 3.7 — Convention for sheet pile and tubular pile axes
- 4 Basis of design [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General rules [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 Basic requirements
- 4.1.2 Structural reliability and consequences of failure
- 4.1.3 Robustness
- 4.1.4 Design service life
- 4.1.5 Durability
- 4.1.6 Sustainability
- 4.2 Principles of limit state design [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Design situations
- 4.2.2 Ultimate limit state criteria
- 4.2.3 Serviceability limit state criteria
- 4.3 Basic variables [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Actions and environmental influences
- 4.3.2 Material and product properties and geometrical data
- 4.4 Verification by the partial factor method [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 Design values of actions
- 4.4.2 Design values of material properties
- 4.4.3 Design values of geometrical properties
- 4.4.4 Construction tolerances
- 4.4.5 Imperfections
- 4.5 Driveability
- 4.6 Design assisted by finite element analysis [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1 General
- 4.6.2 Secondary elements
- 4.7 Design assisted by testing
- 4.8 Verification by observational method
- 4.9 Fatigue
- 5 Materials [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Material properties for steel piles [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Strength of bearing piles
- 5.2.2 Strength of hot rolled sheet piles
- Table 5.1 — Nominal values of yield strength fy and ultimate tensile strength fu for hot rolled steel sheet piles according to EN 10248-1 [Go to Page]
- 5.2.3 Strength of cold formed sheet piles
- Table 5.2 — Nominal values of basic yield strength fyb and ultimate tensile strength fu for cold formed steel sheet piles according to EN 10249-1 [Go to Page]
- 5.2.4 Strength of steel members used for combined walls
- 5.2.5 Ductility of steel piles
- 5.2.6 Fracture toughness of steel piles
- Table 5.3 — Test temperature T27J for fracture toughness of hot rolled steel piles according to EN 10248-1 [Go to Page]
- 5.3 Interlocks and connecting devices
- 5.4 Material properties for steel elements used for anchors and tension piles [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 General
- 5.4.2 Anchor tension elements
- 5.4.3 Ductility of anchors and tension piles
- 5.5 Material properties for steel members used for bracing
- 6 Durability [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- Figure 6.1 — Example of corrosion rate distribution [Go to Page]
- 6.2 Durability requirements for piling
- Figure 6.2 — Corrosion of primary piles exposed to environments with different corrosion rates [Go to Page]
- 6.3 Durability requirements for anchors and tension piles
- 6.4 Corrosion rates for design [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 Corrosion rates for design in soil and water
- Table 6.1 (NDP) — Value for the loss of thickness [mm] due to corrosion for steel elements in piling in soils, with or without groundwater
- Table 6.2 (NDP) — Value for the loss of thickness [mm] due to corrosion for steel elements in piling in fresh water or in sea water [Go to Page]
- 6.4.2 Corrosion rates for design due to mechanical wearing
- 6.4.3 Corrosion due to stray currents
- 6.4.4 Corrosion rates for design in atmospheric environment
- 7 Structural analysis [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Structural modelling [Go to Page]
- 7.1.1 Modelling of the structure
- 7.1.2 Modelling of anchors, tension piles, walings, bracing and connections
- 7.2 Global analysis for ultimate limit state design checks
- Figure 7.1 — Relative deflection of the sheet pile
- Figure 7.2 — Buckling modes with definition of the parameters HA, δA and Ls
- Figure 7.3 — Methods of structural analysis applicable to ultimate limit state design checks [Go to Page]
- 7.3 Imperfections
- Figure 7.4 — Sway imperfections [Go to Page]
- 7.4 Methods of analysis considering material nonlinearities
- Table 7.1 — Resistance in bending according to the type of analysis [Go to Page]
- 7.5 Classification of cross-sections [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 Classification of U and Z
- Table 7.2 — Classification of cross-sections for U and Z [Go to Page]
- 7.5.2 Classification of tubular piles
- Table 7.3 — Classification of cross-sections of manufactured tubular piles [Go to Page]
- 7.5.3 Classification of other cross-sections
- 8 Ultimate limit state [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- 8.2 Partial factors
- 8.3 Sheet piling [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 Bending resistance of sheet piling considering shear lag
- Table 8.1 (NDP) — Value for reduction factors βB and βD taking into account lack of shear force transmission in the interlocks of U-piles
- Figure 8.1 — Spacing of double crimped points [Go to Page]
- 8.3.2 Shear resistance of sheet piling
- Figure 8.2 — Definition of the shear area [Go to Page]
- 8.3.3 Resistance of sheet piling for combined bending, shear and axial force
- 8.3.4 Buckling of sheet piling in bending and axial compression
- Figure 8.3 — Suggested method for determination of buckling length Lcr, for free earth support
- Figure 8.4 — Suggested method for determination of buckling length Lcr, for (partially) fixed earth support [Go to Page]
- 8.3.5 Local effects of water pressure
- Table 8.3 — Reduction factors ρP for Z-piles due to differential water pressure [Go to Page]
- 8.3.6 Concentrated load introduction
- Figure 8.5 — Examples of anchoring with pile web placed in tension
- Figure 8.6 — Examples of anchoring with pile web placed in compression [Go to Page]
- 8.4 Bearing piles [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 General
- 8.4.2 Design methods and design considerations
- 8.4.3 Buckling of bearing piles
- Figure 8.7 — Simplified estimation of buckling length for bearing piles with lateral support [Go to Page]
- 8.4.4 Verification of steel piles filled with concrete
- 8.5 High modulus walls
- 8.6 Jagged walls
- 8.7 Combined walls [Go to Page]
- 8.7.1 General
- 8.7.2 Secondary elements
- Figure 8.8 — Simplified models for secondary elements [Go to Page]
- 8.7.3 Connectors
- 8.7.4 Primary elements
- 8.8 H-piles used as primary elements [Go to Page]
- 8.8.1 General
- 8.8.2 H-piles in axial compression and bending
- Figure 8.9 — Definition scheme of welding of double H-piles [Go to Page]
- 8.8.3 Lateral torsional buckling of H-piles
- Figure 8.10 — Definition of the soil reaction resisting LTB
- Figure 8.11 — Definition of free lengths of partially embedded H-pile susceptible to LTB
- Figure 8.12 — Compression flange to be considered for the verification according to 8.8.3(5) [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4 Shear buckling of H-piles
- 8.8.5 The combined effect of member forces and flange bending
- Figure 8.13 — H-piles with longitudinal and transverse bending [Go to Page]
- 8.9 Tubular sections used as primary elements [Go to Page]
- 8.9.1 General
- 8.9.2 Tubular piles in bending and shear
- 8.9.3 Tubular piles in axial compression and bending
- 8.9.4 Buckling of tubular piles
- 8.9.5 Effects of transverse loads
- Table 8.3 — Formulae for transverse bending moments and deformations [Go to Page]
- 8.9.6 The combined effect of member forces and circumferential bending
- 8.9.7 The effect of circumferential deformation on member resistance
- Figure 8.14 — Definition of the circumferential deformation a [Go to Page]
- 8.9.8 Flexibility and ductility of the tubular piles
- Figure 8.15 — Definition of the deformation capacity of tubular members in bending [Go to Page]
- 8.10 Straight web steel sheet piles [Go to Page]
- 8.10.1 General
- 8.10.2 Verification of junction piles
- Figure 8.16 — Welded junction pile
- Figure 8.17 — Geometry of circular cell and the aligned connecting arc [Go to Page]
- 8.11 Anchors and tension piles [Go to Page]
- 8.11.1 General
- 8.11.2 Design resistance of tension elements for anchors
- Table 8.5 — Tensile stress areas and calibration factor for terminations [Go to Page]
- 8.11.3 Anchors and tension piles subject to proof testing
- 8.12 Walings and bracings
- 8.13 Connections
- Figure 8.18 — Tubular and box type piles, examples of connections with the pile cap
- Figure 8.19 — Examples of bearing pile connections with a concrete pile cap
- Figure 8.20 — Example of a bearing pile connection to a column of a steel structure above the foundation
- 9 Serviceability limit state [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Basis
- 9.2 Displacements of retaining walls
- 9.3 Displacements of bearing piles
- 9.4 Structural aspects of steel sheet piling
- 9.5 Anchors and tension piles
- Annex A (normative) Cold formed and Class 4 steel sheet piles
- A.1 Use of this annex
- A.2 Scope and field of application
- A.3 General
- A.3.1 Form of cold formed steel sheet piles
- A.3.2 Terminology
- Table A.1 — Examples of cold formed sheet pile sections
- A.4 Basis of design
- A.4.1 Ultimate limit states
- A.4.2 Serviceability limit states
- A.5 Properties of materials and cross-sections
- A.5.1 Material properties
- A.5.2 Section properties
- Figure A.1 — Example of an idealized cross-section
- Table A.2 — Maximum width-to-thickness ratios; modelling of statical behaviour
- A.6 Local buckling
- Figure A.2 — Interlock to be treated as an edge stiffener
- Figure A.3 — Determination of spring stiffness of the flange
- Figure A.4 — Determination of the spring stiffness of the web
- A.7 Resistance of cross-sections
- A.7.1 General
- Figure A.5 — Introduction of anchor forces
- A.7.2 Bending moment
- A.7.3 Shear force
- A.7.4 Local transverse forces
- A.7.4.1 General
- A.7.4.2 Webs subject to transverse compressive forces
- A.7.4.3 Webs subject to transverse tensile forces
- A.7.5 Combined shear force and bending moment
- A.7.6 Combined bending moment and local transverse forces
- A.7.7 Combined bending moment and axial force
- A.7.8 Local transverse bending
- Table A.3 — Reduction factors ρP for plate thickness due to differential water pressure
- A.8 Design by calculation
- Annex B (normative) Testing of Class 4 steel sheet piles
- B.1 Use of this annex
- B.2 Scope and field of application
- B.3 General
- B.4 Tests on material
- B.5 Cross-sectional data based on testing
- B.6 Single span beam test
- Figure B.1 — Test set-up for moment resistance determination
- B.7 Intermediate support test
- Figure B.2 — Load introduction for the determination of bending resistance and shear resistance at intermediate support (waling)
- B.8 Double span beam test
- Figure B.3 — Test set-up for double span tests
- B.9 Evaluation of test results
- B.9.1 General
- B.9.2 Adjustment of test results
- B.9.3 Characteristic values
- B.9.4 Design values
- Annex C (normative) Conditions for use of plastic analysis and elasto-plastic verification for sheet pile walls
- C.1 Use of this annex
- C.2 Scope and field of application
- C.3 Type of analysis
- C.3.1 General
- C.3.2 Use of nonlinear behaviour for verification of the bending moment
- Table C.1 — Reduction of bending moment resistance Mpl,Rd
- C.4 Flexural capacity of cross-sections
- C.4.1 General
- Figure C.1 — Rotation capacity angle ϕCd provided by the cross-section at different levels of reduction of Mpl,Rd
- Figure C.2 — Definition of the rotation capacity angle ϕCd
- C.4.2 Determination of required rotation capacity
- Figure C.3 — Definition of the total rotation angle ϕtot,Ed using rotation angles
- Figure C.4 — Definition of the rotation angle ϕw,Ed based on displacements
- Annex D (normative) Design of Class 3 and 4 tubular piles loaded in longitudinal bending
- D.1 Use of this annex
- D.2 Scope and field of application
- D.3 Section resistance
- D.4 Buckling strength verification
- D.5 Buckling parameters
- Table D.1 — Values for manufacturing tolerance Class parameter Q
- Annex E (normative) Properties of semi-compact sections
- E.1 Scope and field of application
- E.2 Section properties
- Annex F (informative) Typical grades of reinforcing and prestressing steels used for tension elements
- F.1 Use of this annex
- F.2 Scope and field of application
- Table F.1 — Typical grades of reinforcing and prestressing steels used for tension elements
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
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