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eLibrary > ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings in Energy and Industrial Facilities >

ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings in Energy and Industrial Facilities, 2025

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ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings in Energy and Industrial Facilities, 2025

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Preface
Nomenclature
Chapter 1: Introduction [Go to Page]
1.1 Background
1.2 Purpose and Scope
1.3 Related Industry Guidelines, Specifications, and Codes
1.4 Blast-Resistant Design Process
References
Chapter 2: General Considerations [Go to Page]
2.1 Introduction
2.2 OSHA Requirements
2.3 Objectives of Blast-Resistant Design
2.4 Buildings Requiring Blast-Resistant Design
2.5 Siting Considerations
2.6 Offshore Facilities
2.7 Nonbuilding Structures, Equipment, and Infrastructure
References
Chapter 3: Determination of Loads [Go to Page]
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Explosions [Go to Page]
3.2.1 Vapor Cloud Explosions
3.2.2 Pressure Vessel Explosions
3.2.3 Condensed Phase Explosions
3.2.4 Dust Explosions
3.3 Blast Wave Parameters [Go to Page]
3.3.1 Blast Wave Parameters for Blast Loading
3.3.2 Peak Reflected Pressure, .P.r
3.3.3 Dynamic (Blast Wind) Pressure, .q.o
3.3.4 Shock Front Velocity, .U
3.3.5 Blast Wave Length, .L.w
3.3.6 Idealized Blast Wave Parameters
3.4 Determination of Vapor Cloud Design Overpressures
3.5 Building Blast Loading [Go to Page]
3.5.1 Front Wall Loading
3.5.2 Side Walls
3.5.3 Roof Loading
3.5.4 Rear Wall Loading
3.5.5 Frame Loading
3.5.6 Negative Pressure and Rebound Loading
3.5.7 Leakage Pressures
3.5.8 Floor Loading on Elevated Buildings
3.6 Computational Fluid Dynamics
APPENDIX 3A .Blast Load Example
Blast Loading
Front Wall Loading
Side Wall Loading
Roof Loading
Rear Wall Load
References
Chapter 4: Types of Construction [Go to Page]
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Considerations
4.3 Common Systems for Petrochemical Buildings [Go to Page]
4.3.1 Unreinforced Masonry Wall Construction
4.3.2 Timber Construction
4.3.3 Pre-Engineered Metal Building Construction
4.3.4 Reinforced Masonry Wall Construction
4.3.5 Metal Clad Construction
4.3.6 Precast Concrete Wall Construction
4.3.7 Cast-in-Place Concrete Wall Construction
4.3.8 Cold-Formed Steel Interlocking Panel Modular Construction
4.3.9 Blast-Resistant Modular Steel–Framed Buildings
4.4 Tents
4.5 Other Systems [Go to Page]
4.5.1 Pre-Engineered Concrete Boxes
4.5.2 Portable Buildings
References
Chapter 5: Dynamic Material Strength and Response Criteria [Go to Page]
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Static versus Dynamic Response
5.3 Resistance–Deflection Function
5.4 Material and Structural Element Types [Go to Page]
5.4.1 Reinforced Concrete
5.4.2 Reinforced Masonry
5.4.3 Structural Steel
5.4.4 Cold-Formed Steel
5.4.5 Open Web Steel Joists
5.4.6 Connections
5.5 Dynamic Material Properties [Go to Page]
5.5.1 Stress–Strain Relationships
5.5.2 Strength Increase Factor
5.5.3 Dynamic Strength Increase
5.5.4 Dynamic Increase Factor
5.5.5 Dynamic Design Stress
5.6 Deformation Limits [Go to Page]
5.6.1 Deformation Limit Parameters
5.6.2 Deformation Limit Values
Appendix 5A. Summary Tables for Dynamic Material Strength
Appendix 5B. Summary Tables for Building Damage Levels and Component Response Criteria
References
Chapter 6: Dynamic Analysis Methods [Go to Page]
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Key Concepts [Go to Page]
6.2.1 Objectives
6.2.2 Accuracy
6.2.3 Interaction of Structural Elements
6.2.4 Live Loads
6.2.5 Confirmation of Assumed Failure Mechanisms
6.3 Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems [Go to Page]
6.3.1 Basics
6.3.2 Transformation Factors
6.3.3 Graphical Solution Methods
6.3.4 Closed-Form Solutions
6.3.5 Numerical Integration
6.3.6 Support Reactions
6.4 Higher-Order Methods [Go to Page]
6.4.1 Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Methods
6.4.2 Finite-Element Analysis Methods
6.4.3 Benefits of Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom and Finite-Element Analyses
6.4.4 Acceptance Criteria for Use with Finite-Element Analyses
6.5 Applications [Go to Page]
6.5.1 Shear Wall/Diaphragm–Type Structures
6.5.2 Frame Structures
6.5.3 Walls with Openings
6.5.4 Empirical Methods
Appendix 6A. Numerical Integration Method
References
Chapter 7: Design Procedures [Go to Page]
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General Design Concepts [Go to Page]
7.2.1 Energy Absorption
7.2.2 Safety Factors
7.2.3 Limit-State Design
7.2.4 Loading Combinations
7.2.5 Resistance-Deflection Functions
7.2.6 Structural Performance Considerations
7.3 Member Design Process [Go to Page]
7.3.1 Load Determination
7.3.2 Determination of Member Properties
7.3.3 Model Representation
7.3.4 Trial Member Selection
7.3.5 Dynamic Analysis
7.3.6 Deformation Criteria Check
7.3.7 Connection Sizing
7.4 Reinforced Concrete Design [Go to Page]
7.4.1 Design Principles
7.4.2 Supplementary Design Requirements
7.4.3 Failure Mechanisms
7.4.4 Connection Details
7.5 Steel Design [Go to Page]
7.5.1 Design Principles
7.5.2 Supplementary Design Requirements
7.5.3 Failure Mechanisms
7.5.4 Connection Details
7.6 Reinforced Masonry Design [Go to Page]
7.6.1 Design Principles
7.6.2 Supplementary Design Requirements
7.6.3 Failure Mechanisms
7.6.4 Connection Details
7.7 Foundation Design
7.8 Design against Projectiles
7.9 Blast-Resistant Modular Buildings [Go to Page]
7.9.1 Blast Rating of BRM Buildings
7.9.2 Design Approach
7.9.3 Anchorage Considerations
7.9.4 Installation Considerations
7.9.5 Connection Design
7.9.6 Transportation and Lifting Analysis
7.9.7 Temporary Buildings
References
Chapter 8: Ancillary and Architectural Considerations [Go to Page]
8.1 Introduction
8.2 General Considerations
8.3 Doors [Go to Page]
8.3.1 Definitions
8.3.2 Performance Limitations of Commercial Industrial Doors
8.3.3 Guidelines for Blast-Resistant Door Design
8.3.4 Coordinating Efforts with a Blast-Resistant Door Manufacturer
8.3.5 Testing and Structural Analysis Methods
8.3.6 Fire Labels and Fire Label Construction
8.3.7 Delivery Lead Times
8.4 Windows [Go to Page]
8.4.1 Performance Criteria for Window Glazing
8.4.2 Testing Methods
8.4.3 Analysis and Design Methods
8.5 Utility Openings [Go to Page]
8.5.1 Blast Dampers
8.5.2 Blast Attenuators
8.5.3 Cable and Conduit Penetrations
8.6 Interior Design Considerations [Go to Page]
8.6.1 Power Control Equipment
8.7 Exterior Considerations
References
Chapter 9: Evaluation and Upgrade of Existing Buildings [Go to Page]
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Evaluation Strategies
9.3 Blast-Resistant Upgrade Options
9.4 Upgrades for Structural Member Connections
9.5 Upgrades for Structural Framing Members
9.6 Upgrades for Metal Panel Wall and Roof Systems
9.7 Upgrades for Masonry and Concrete Walls [Go to Page]
9.7.1 Upgrade with Steel Posts
9.7.2 Upgrades with Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Bonded to Walls
9.7.3 Upgrade with Ductile Polymer Bonded to Masonry Wall
9.7.4 Increasing Wall Thickness with New Layer of Reinforced Concrete
9.8 Upgrade with a Blast-Resistant Shield Wall
9.9 Upgrades for Roof Systems
9.10 Wall and Roof Catch System Upgrades
9.11 Blast-Resistant Shell Upgrades
9.12 Wall and Roof Upgrades with Energy-Absorbing Systems
9.13 Window Upgrades
9.14 Door Upgrades
References
Chapter 10: Shear Wall Building Design Example [Go to Page]
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Structural System [Go to Page]
10.2.1 Description of the Structure
10.2.2 Framing Plan
10.2.3 Components for Blast Design
10.2.4 General Solution Procedure
10.3 Design Data [Go to Page]
10.3.1 Material Properties
10.3.2 Design Loads
10.3.3 Building Performance Requirements: Deformation Limits
10.4 Exterior Walls (Out-of-Plane Loads) [Go to Page]
10.4.1 Calculate Front Wall Design Blast Load (from Load Case A)
10.4.2 Calculate Side Wall Design Blast Load
10.4.3 Calculate Rear Wall Design Blast Load
10.4.4 Select Trial Sizes
10.4.5 Compute Bending Resistance
10.4.6 Compute Shear Resistance
10.4.7 Resistance and Permissible Response
10.4.8 Compute Other Single-Degree-of-Freedom Properties
10.4.9 Compute Response and Compare to Deformation Limits (Chart Solution for Front Wall)
10.4.10 Compute the Response and Compare It to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration Solution for the Front Wall)
10.4.11 Compute the Response and Compare It to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration Solution for the Side Wall)
10.5 Roof Slab (Out-of-Plane Loads) [Go to Page]
10.5.1 Calculate Design Blast Load Case A (Explosion on Long Side of the Building)
10.5.2 Calculate Design Blast Load Case B (Explosion on Short Side of the Building)
10.5.3 Select Trial Sizes
10.5.4 Compute Bending Resistance
10.5.5 Compute Shear Resistance
10.5.6 Resistance and Permissible Response
10.5.7 Compute Other Single-Degree-of-Freedom Properties
10.5.8 Compute Response and Compare to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration Solution for Load Case A)
10.5.9 Compute Response and Compare to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration Solution for Load Case B)
10.6 Roof Slab (In-Plane Loads) [Go to Page]
10.6.1 Static Check of Roof Diaphragm
10.6.2 Dynamic Check of Roof Diaphragm: Calculate Design Blast Load Case A (Applied to Long Side of Building)
10.6.3 Dynamic Check of Roof Diaphragm: Calculate Design Blast Load Case B (Applied to Short Side of Building)
10.6.4 Select Trial Sizes
10.6.5 Compute Bending Resistance
10.6.6 Compute Shear Resistance
10.6.7 Resistance and Permissible Response
10.6.8 Compute Other Single-Degree-of–Freedom Properties
10.6.9 Compute Response and Compare to Deformation Limits (Numerical integration Solution for Load Case A)
10.7 Side Walls (In-Plane Loads) [Go to Page]
10.7.1 Static Check of Shear Walls
10.7.2 Interaction Check for In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Response
10.8 Roof Beams [Go to Page]
10.8.1 Calculate Design Blast Load Case A (Perpendicular to Span of Beam)
10.8.2 Calculate Design Blast Load Case B (Parallel to Span of Beam)
10.8.3 Select Trial Size
10.8.4 Compute Bending Resistance
10.8.5 Compute Shear Resistance
10.8.6 Resistance and Permissible Response
10.8.7 Compute Other Single-Degree-of-Freedom Properties
10.8.8 Compute Response and Compare to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration Solution for Load Case A)
10.8.9 Compute Response and Compare to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration Solution for Load Case B)
10.9 Roof Beam Connections [Go to Page]
10.9.1 Bolt Shear Strength (Beam to Clip Angle)
10.9.2 Clip Angle Shear Strength
10.9.3 Clip Angle Bearing Strength
10.9.4 Beam Shear Strength
10.9.5 Beam Bearing Strength
10.10 Roof Girders [Go to Page]
10.10.1 Calculate Design Blast Load Case A (Parallel to Span of Girder)
10.10.2 Load Case B (Perpendicular to Span of Girder)
10.10.3 Select Trial Size
10.10.4 Compute Bending Resistance
10.10.5 Compute Shear Resistance
10.10.6 Resistance and Permissible Response
10.10.7 Compute Other Single-Degree-of-Freedom Properties
10.10.8 Compute Response and Compare Ito Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration Solution for Load Case A)
10.10.9 Compute Response and Compare to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration Solution for Load Case B)
10.11 Roof Girder Connections [Go to Page]
10.11.1 Bolt Shear Strength (Clip Angle to Column)
10.11.2 Weld Strength (Girder to Clip Angle) (Blodgett 1966, Section 5.4.3)
10.11.3 Clip Angle Shear Strength
10.11.4 Clip Angle Bearing Strength
10.12 Columns [Go to Page]
10.12.1 Select Trial Size
10.12.2 Compute Compression Resistance
10.12.3 Compute Tension Resistance
10.12.4 Compute Demand/Capacity Ratio and Compare to Permissible Limits
10.13 Column Baseplate and Anchor Bolt Design [Go to Page]
10.13.1 Anchor Bolt Design
10.13.2 Baseplate Design
10.13.3 Column and Base Plate Weld Design
10.14 Foundation
References
Chapter 11: Metal Building Design Example [Go to Page]
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structural System [Go to Page]
11.2.1 Description of Structure
11.2.2 Framing Plan
11.2.3 Components for Blast Design
11.2.4 General Solution Procedure
11.3 Design Data [Go to Page]
11.3.1 Material Properties
11.3.2 Building Performance Requirements: Deformation Limits
11.3.3 Design Loads
11.4 Roof Deck [Go to Page]
11.4.1 Dynamic Material Properties
11.4.2 Calculate a Trial Size
11.4.3 Compute Section Properties
11.4.4 Compute SDOF Properties
11.4.5 Compute Response and Compare It to Deformation Limits (Chart Solution)
11.4.6 Compute Response and Compare It to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration Solution)
11.4.7 Check Secondary Failure Modes (In This Case, Shear)
11.5 Wall Panels [Go to Page]
11.5.1 Dynamic Material Properties
11.5.2 Calculate a Trial Size
11.5.3 Compute Section Properties
11.5.4 Compute SDOF Properties (Fixed-Pinned Panel)
11.5.5 Compute Response and Compare It to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration Solution for Fixed-Pinned Panel)
11.5.6 Compute Single-Degree-of-Freedom Properties (Fixed-Fixed Panel)
11.5.7 Compute Response and Compare It to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration Solution for a Fixed-Fixed Panel)
11.5.8 Check Secondary Failure Modes (In This Case, Shear)
11.6 Roof Purlins [Go to Page]
11.6.1 Dynamic Material Properties
11.6.2 Calculate a Trial Size
11.6.3 Compute Section Properties
11.6.4 Compute Single-Degree-of-Freedom Properties
11.6.5 Compute Response and Compare It to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration)
11.6.6 Check Secondary Failure Modes (In This Case, Shear)
11.7 Wall Girts [Go to Page]
11.7.1 Dynamic Material Properties
11.7.2 Calculate a Trial Size
11.7.3 Compute Section Properties
11.7.4 Compute SDOF Properties
11.7.5 Compute Response and Compare It to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration of the Tributary Area Load)
11.7.6 Compute Response and Compare It to Deformation Limits (Numerical Integration of the Dynamic Reaction)
11.7.7 Check Secondary Failure Modes (In This Case, Shear)
11.8 Rigid Frames [Go to Page]
11.8.1 Dynamic Material Properties
11.8.2 Trial Sizing (General)
11.8.3 Trial Sizing (Column)
11.8.4 Trial Sizing (Beam)
11.8.5 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Analysis (Model)
11.8.6 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Analysis (Tributary Area Loading)
11.8.7 Additional Considerations
11.9 Braced Frames [Go to Page]
11.9.1 Dynamic Material Properties
11.9.2 Determine Blast Load
11.9.3 Braced Frame Forces
11.9.4 Design Top Perimeter Members
11.9.5 Design Cross Bracing
11.10 Foundation
References
Chapter 12: Masonry Retrofit Design Example [Go to Page]
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Structural System [Go to Page]
12.2.1 Description of the Structure
12.2.2 Framing Plan
12.3 Design Data [Go to Page]
12.3.1 Material Properties
12.3.2 Design Loads
12.3.3 Building Performance Requirements: Deformation Limits
12.4 Existing Wall Evaluation [Go to Page]
12.4.1 Compute Required Resistance
12.4.2 Available Flexural Capacity
12.4.3 Available Shear Capacity
12.4.4 Available Resistance
12.5 Option 1: Fully Grouted and Reinforced Existing Wall [Go to Page]
12.5.1 Compute Bending Resistance
12.5.2 Compute Shear Resistance
12.5.3 Resistance and Permissible Response
12.5.4 Compute Other Single-Degree-of-Freedom Properties
12.5.5 Compute Response and Compare It to Deformation Limits (Chart Solution)
12.6 Option 2: New Reinforced Concrete Wall [Go to Page]
12.6.1 Compute Bending Resistance
12.6.2 Compute Shear Resistance
12.6.3 Resistance and Permissible Response
12.6.4 Compute Other Single-Degree-of-Freedom Properties
12.6.5 Compute the Response and Compare It to Deformation Limits (Chart Solution)
12.7 Option 3: Steel Post Upgrade
12.8 Option 4: Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Wall Upgrade
12.9 Concluding Remarks
References
Glossary
Index [Go to Page]

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