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eLibrary > 440R-07 Report on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures >

440R-07 Report on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, 2007

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440R-07 Report on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, 2007

MAIN MENU
MAIN MENU
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE [Go to Page]
1.1— Introduction
1.1— Introduction
1.2—Historical perspective of FRP composites
1.2—Historical perspective of FRP composites [Go to Page]
1.2.1 Industry statistics
1.2.1 Industry statistics
1.2.2 Product and benefits for construction applications
1.2.2 Product and benefits for construction applications
CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS [Go to Page]
2.1—Notation
2.1—Notation
2.2—Definitions
2.2—Definitions
CHAPTER 3— CODES AND STANDARDS
CHAPTER 3— CODES AND STANDARDS [Go to Page]
3.1—Materials
3.1—Materials
3.2—Internal FRP reinforcement
3.2—Internal FRP reinforcement
3.3—External FRP reinforcement
3.3—External FRP reinforcement
CHAPTER 4— COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
CHAPTER 4— COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND PROCESSES [Go to Page]
4.1— Introduction
4.1— Introduction
4.2—Polymer matrix: resins
4.2—Polymer matrix: resins [Go to Page]
4.2.1 Polyester
4.2.1 Polyester
4.2.2 Epoxy
4.2.2 Epoxy
4.2.3 Vinylester
4.2.3 Vinylester
4.2.4 Phenolic
4.2.4 Phenolic
4.2.5 Structural engineered polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastisol
4.2.5 Structural engineered polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastisol
4.3—Reinforcing fibers
4.3—Reinforcing fibers [Go to Page]
4.3.1 Glass fibers
4.3.1 Glass fibers
4.3.2 Carbon fibers
4.3.2 Carbon fibers
4.3.3 Aramid fibers
4.3.3 Aramid fibers
4.3.4 Steel fibers
4.3.4 Steel fibers
4.4—Types of reinforcement
4.4—Types of reinforcement [Go to Page]
4.4.1 Multi-end and single-end rovings
4.4.1 Multi-end and single-end rovings
4.4.2 Mats
4.4.2 Mats
4.4.3 Woven, stitched, and braided fabrics
4.4.3 Woven, stitched, and braided fabrics
4.4.4 Unidirectional
4.4.4 Unidirectional
4.5—Additives and fillers
4.5—Additives and fillers [Go to Page]
4.5.1 Additives and modifiers
4.5.1 Additives and modifiers
4.5.2 Fillers
4.5.2 Fillers
4.6—Core materials for sandwich structures
4.6—Core materials for sandwich structures
4.7—Adhesives
4.7—Adhesives
4.8—FRP manufacturing processes
4.8—FRP manufacturing processes [Go to Page]
4.8.1 Pultrusion
4.8.1 Pultrusion
4.8.2 Filament winding
4.8.2 Filament winding
4.8.3 Compression molding
4.8.3 Compression molding
4.8.4 Resin transfer molding
4.8.4 Resin transfer molding
4.8.5 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding
4.8.5 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding
4.8.6 Hand lay-up
4.8.6 Hand lay-up
4.8.7 Centrifugal casting
4.8.7 Centrifugal casting
CHAPTER 5— PROPERTIES, TEST METHODS, AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION
CHAPTER 5— PROPERTIES, TEST METHODS, AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION [Go to Page]
5.1— Introduction
5.1— Introduction
5.2—Typical properties of currently available products
5.2—Typical properties of currently available products
5.3—Test methods for mechanical properties
5.3—Test methods for mechanical properties [Go to Page]
5.3.1 Tension test methods
5.3.1 Tension test methods
5.3.2 Compression test methods
5.3.2 Compression test methods
5.3.3 Shear test methods
5.3.3 Shear test methods
5.3.4 Flexural test methods
5.3.4 Flexural test methods
5.3.5 Bond test methods for internal FRP reinforcement
5.3.5 Bond test methods for internal FRP reinforcement [Go to Page]
5.3.5.1 Pullout tests
5.3.5.1 Pullout tests
5.3.5.2 Flexural bond tests
5.3.5.2 Flexural bond tests
5.3.5.3 Direct axial tension test
5.3.5.3 Direct axial tension test
5.3.6 Bond test methods for externally bonded FRP reinforcement
5.3.6 Bond test methods for externally bonded FRP reinforcement [Go to Page]
5.3.6.1 Shear bond type tests
5.3.6.1 Shear bond type tests
5.3.6.2 Tension-type bond tests
5.3.6.2 Tension-type bond tests
5.3.6.3 Mixed-mode bond tests
5.3.6.3 Mixed-mode bond tests
5.3.6.4 Bond overlap tests
5.3.6.4 Bond overlap tests
5.3.7 Concrete surface preparation for bond testing
5.3.7 Concrete surface preparation for bond testing
5.4—Durability testing methods
5.4—Durability testing methods [Go to Page]
5.4.1 Tensile fatigue testing met
5.4.1 Tensile fatigue testing met [Go to Page]
5.4.1.1 Concrete prism tensile fatigue test method
5.4.1.1 Concrete prism tensile fatigue test method
5.4.1.2 Direct fatigue tests
5.4.1.2 Direct fatigue tests
5.4.2 Creep test methods
5.4.2 Creep test methods
5.5—Nondestructive inspection techniques for FRP materials
5.5—Nondestructive inspection techniques for FRP materials [Go to Page]
5.5.1 Nondestructive inspection
5.5.1 Nondestructive inspection [Go to Page]
5.5.1.1 Visual inspection
5.5.1.1 Visual inspection
5.5.1.2 Tap testing
5.5.1.2 Tap testing
5.5.1.3 Ultrasonics
5.5.1.3 Ultrasonics
5.5.1.4 Radiography
5.5.1.4 Radiography
5.5.1.5 Shearography
5.5.1.5 Shearography
5.5.1.6 Thermography
5.5.1.6 Thermography
CHAPTER 6— PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE MEMBERS WITH INTERNAL FRP REINFORCEMENT
CHAPTER 6— PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE MEMBERS WITH INTERNAL FRP REINFORCEMENT [Go to Page]
6.1—Strength
6.1—Strength [Go to Page]
6.1.1 Flexural strength
6.1.1 Flexural strength
6.1.2 Beam shear
6.1.2 Beam shear
6.1.3 Punching shear
6.1.3 Punching shear
6.2—Serviceability
6.2—Serviceability [Go to Page]
6.2.1 Deflection considerations
6.2.1 Deflection considerations
6.2.2 Crack width and patterns
6.2.2 Crack width and patterns
6.3—Bond and development of reinforcement
6.3—Bond and development of reinforcement
6.4—Fatigue performance
6.4—Fatigue performance
6.5—Members reinforced with FRP grating systems
6.5—Members reinforced with FRP grating systems
6.6—Members reinforced with FRP grids
6.6—Members reinforced with FRP grids
6.7—Pavement applications
6.7—Pavement applications
CHAPTER 7— PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS
CHAPTER 7— PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS [Go to Page]
7.1—FRP tendons
7.1—FRP tendons
7.2—Anchorages
7.2—Anchorages [Go to Page]
7.2.1 Clamp anchorage
7.2.1 Clamp anchorage
7.2.2 Plug and cone anchorage
7.2.2 Plug and cone anchorage
7.2.3 Resin sleeve anchorage
7.2.3 Resin sleeve anchorage
7.2.4 Resin potted anchorage
7.2.4 Resin potted anchorage
7.2.5 Metal overlaying
7.2.5 Metal overlaying
7.2.6 Split wedge anchorage
7.2.6 Split wedge anchorage
7.3—Flexural behavior
7.3—Flexural behavior
7.4—Fatigue behavior
7.4—Fatigue behavior
7.5—Time-dependent behavior
7.5—Time-dependent behavior
7.6—Ductility and deformability
7.6—Ductility and deformability
7.7—Transfer and development length
7.7—Transfer and development length [Go to Page]
7.7.1 Transfer length
7.7.1 Transfer length
7.7.2 Flexural bond length
7.7.2 Flexural bond length
7.7.3 Summary
7.7.3 Summary
7.8—Shear behavior
7.8—Shear behavior
7.9—External tendons
7.9—External tendons
7.10—Prestressed poles
7.10—Prestressed poles
CHAPTER 8— REPAIR, STRENGTHENING, AND RETROFITTING
CHAPTER 8— REPAIR, STRENGTHENING, AND RETROFITTING [Go to Page]
8.1—Flexural strengthening with non- prestressed FRP
8.1—Flexural strengthening with non- prestressed FRP [Go to Page]
8.1.1 Static behavior in flexure
8.1.1 Static behavior in flexure
8.1.2 Debonding failures
8.1.2 Debonding failures [Go to Page]
8.1.2.1
8.1.2.1
8.1.2.2
8.1.2.2
8.1.2.3
8.1.2.3
8.1.2.4
8.1.2.4
8.1.2.5
8.1.2.5
8.1.3 Plate and sheet anchors
8.1.3 Plate and sheet anchors
8.1.4 Flexural strengthening using inorganic matrix
8.1.4 Flexural strengthening using inorganic matrix
8.1.5 Slabs
8.1.5 Slabs
8.2—Flexural strengthening with prestressed FRP
8.2—Flexural strengthening with prestressed FRP
8.3—Shear strengthening
8.3—Shear strengthening
8.4—Axial strengthening of columns
8.4—Axial strengthening of columns
8.5—Seismic strengthening and retrofitting
8.5—Seismic strengthening and retrofitting [Go to Page]
8.5.1 Seismic retrofit design
8.5.1 Seismic retrofit design
8.6—Mechanically fastened fiber-reinforced polymer ( MF- FRP) laminates
8.6—Mechanically fastened fiber-reinforced polymer ( MF- FRP) laminates
8.7—Strengthening using near-surface-mounted FRP reinforcement
8.7—Strengthening using near-surface-mounted FRP reinforcement [Go to Page]
8.7.1 Flexural strengthening
8.7.1 Flexural strengthening
8.7.2 Shear strengthening
8.7.2 Shear strengthening
8.7.3 Development length and bond
8.7.3 Development length and bond
8.8—Design procedures
8.8—Design procedures
CHAPTER 9— STRUCTURALLY INTEGRATED STAY- IN- PLACE FRP FORMS
CHAPTER 9— STRUCTURALLY INTEGRATED STAY- IN- PLACE FRP FORMS [Go to Page]
9.1— Introduction
9.1— Introduction
9.2—Advantages and limitations of system
9.2—Advantages and limitations of system
9.3—Structural composition of FRP forms
9.3—Structural composition of FRP forms
9.4—Fabrication processes of FRP structural forms
9.4—Fabrication processes of FRP structural forms
9.5—Concrete component
9.5—Concrete component
9.6—Construction considerations
9.6—Construction considerations [Go to Page]
9.6.1 Concreting
9.6.1 Concreting
9.6.2 Bond between concrete and FRP
9.6.2 Bond between concrete and FRP
9.6.3 Protective coating of FRP
9.6.3 Protective coating of FRP
9.7—Behavior of axial members
9.7—Behavior of axial members [Go to Page]
9.7.1 Background
9.7.1 Background
9.7.2 FRP confinement versus steel confinement
9.7.2 FRP confinement versus steel confinement
9.7.3 Critical factors affecting confinement
9.7.3 Critical factors affecting confinement
9.7.4 Effect of loading tube axially
9.7.4 Effect of loading tube axially
9.7.5 Effect of central holes
9.7.5 Effect of central holes
9.7.6 Slenderness effect
9.7.6 Slenderness effect
9.7.7 Effect of geometry of cross section
9.7.7 Effect of geometry of cross section
9.7.8 Effect of sustained loading
9.7.8 Effect of sustained loading
9.7.9 Bond effects
9.7.9 Bond effects
9.7.10 Confinement models
9.7.10 Confinement models
9.8—Behavior of flexural and axial/ flexural members
9.8—Behavior of flexural and axial/ flexural members [Go to Page]
9.8.1 Background of closed form systems
9.8.1 Background of closed form systems
9.8.2 Background of open form systems
9.8.2 Background of open form systems
9.8.3 Effect of reinforcement ratio and laminate structure in CFFT flexural members
9.8.3 Effect of reinforcement ratio and laminate structure in CFFT flexural members
9.8.4 Confinement effect in CFFTs in bending
9.8.4 Confinement effect in CFFTs in bending
9.8.5 CFFTs subjected to combined bending and axial loads
9.8.5 CFFTs subjected to combined bending and axial loads
9.8.6 Splices and joints in CFFTs
9.8.6 Splices and joints in CFFTs
9.8.7 Prestressed members
9.8.7 Prestressed members
9.8.8 Hysteretic behavior of CFFTs
9.8.8 Hysteretic behavior of CFFTs
9.8.9 Sustained loading
9.8.9 Sustained loading
CHAPTER 10— MASONRY APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 10— MASONRY APPLICATIONS [Go to Page]
10.1— Introduction
10.1— Introduction
10.2—FRP strengthening techniques
10.2—FRP strengthening techniques
10.3—FRP repair and strengthening of masonry
10.3—FRP repair and strengthening of masonry [Go to Page]
10.3.1 Flexural strengthening
10.3.1 Flexural strengthening
10.3.2 Shear strengthening
10.3.2 Shear strengthening
10.3.3 Settlement repair
10.3.3 Settlement repair
10.4—Design and application considerations
10.4—Design and application considerations [Go to Page]
10.4.1 FRP system selection requirements
10.4.1 FRP system selection requirements
10.4.2 Detailing requirements
10.4.2 Detailing requirements
10.4.3 Surface preparation
10.4.3 Surface preparation
10.4.4 Installation of FRP system
10.4.4 Installation of FRP system
CHAPTER 11— DURABILITY OF FRP USED IN CONCRETE
CHAPTER 11— DURABILITY OF FRP USED IN CONCRETE [Go to Page]
11.1—Definition of durability
11.1—Definition of durability
11.2—Durability of FRP composites
11.2—Durability of FRP composites [Go to Page]
11.2.1 Materials
11.2.1 Materials
11.2.2 Overview of ASCE/CERF document
11.2.2 Overview of ASCE/CERF document
11.2.3 Environments
11.2.3 Environments [Go to Page]
11.2.3.1 Moisture (water and salt solution)
11.2.3.1 Moisture (water and salt solution)
11.2.3.2 Chemical solutions
11.2.3.2 Chemical solutions
11.2.3.3 Alkaline environment
11.2.3.3 Alkaline environment
11.2.3.4 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling
11.2.3.4 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling
11.2.3.5 Low temperature and freezing and thawing
11.2.3.5 Low temperature and freezing and thawing
11.2.3.6 Creep and relaxation
11.2.3.6 Creep and relaxation
11.2.3.7 Fatigue
11.2.3.7 Fatigue
11.2.3.8 UV radiation
11.2.3.8 UV radiation
11.3—Internal reinforcement
11.3—Internal reinforcement [Go to Page]
11.3.1 Introduction
11.3.1 Introduction
11.3.2 Moisture
11.3.2 Moisture
11.3.3 Alkaline environment
11.3.3 Alkaline environment
11.3.4 Low temperature and freezing and thawing
11.3.4 Low temperature and freezing and thawing
11.3.5 Temperature
11.3.5 Temperature
11.3.6 Creep and relaxation
11.3.6 Creep and relaxation
11.3.7 Fatigue
11.3.7 Fatigue
11.3.8 UV exposure
11.3.8 UV exposure
11.4—External reinforcement
11.4—External reinforcement [Go to Page]
11.4.1 Moisture (water and salt solution)
11.4.1 Moisture (water and salt solution)
11.4.2 Alkaline environment
11.4.2 Alkaline environment
11.4.3 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling
11.4.3 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling
11.4.4 Freezing and thawing
11.4.4 Freezing and thawing
11.4.5 Creep
11.4.5 Creep
11.4.6 Fatigue
11.4.6 Fatigue
11.4.7 UV exposure
11.4.7 UV exposure
11.4.8 Condition of existing structural members
11.4.8 Condition of existing structural members
11.5—Structurally integrated stay-in-place ( SIP) forms
11.5—Structurally integrated stay-in-place ( SIP) forms
CHAPTER 12— FIRE AND BLAST EFFECTS
CHAPTER 12— FIRE AND BLAST EFFECTS [Go to Page]
12.1— Introduction
12.1— Introduction
12.2—Fire
12.2—Fire [Go to Page]
12.2.1 Fire safety in structures
12.2.1 Fire safety in structures
12.2.2 FRPs and fire
12.2.2 FRPs and fire [Go to Page]
12.2.2.1 Strength and stiffness at elevated temperature
12.2.2.1 Strength and stiffness at elevated temperature
12.2.2.2 Bond properties at elevated temperature
12.2.2.2 Bond properties at elevated temperature
12.2.2.3 Flame spread, smoke generation, and toxicity
12.2.2.3 Flame spread, smoke generation, and toxicity
12.2.3 Fire tests on FRP-reinforced or strengthened concrete
12.2.3 Fire tests on FRP-reinforced or strengthened concrete [Go to Page]
12.2.3.1 FRP-reinforced concrete or FRP prestressed structural concrete members
12.2.3.1 FRP-reinforced concrete or FRP prestressed structural concrete members
12.2.3.2 FRP-strengthened structural concrete members
12.2.3.2 FRP-strengthened structural concrete members
12.2.4 Current treatment in codes and guidelines
12.2.4 Current treatment in codes and guidelines
12.3—Blast effects
12.3—Blast effects [Go to Page]
12.3.1 Blast strengthening of reinforced concrete columns
12.3.1 Blast strengthening of reinforced concrete columns
12.3.2 Blast strengthening of walls
12.3.2 Blast strengthening of walls [Go to Page]
12.3.2.1 Reinforced concrete walls
12.3.2.1 Reinforced concrete walls
12.3.2.2 Unreinforced masonry walls
12.3.2.2 Unreinforced masonry walls
12.3.2.3 Wall design
12.3.2.3 Wall design
CHAPTER 13— FIELD APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 13— FIELD APPLICATIONS [Go to Page]
13.1—FRP as internal reinforcement
13.1—FRP as internal reinforcement [Go to Page]
13.1.1 FRP for concrete bridge decks
13.1.1 FRP for concrete bridge decks
13.1.2 Hall’s Harbour Wharf, (2000) (Nova Scotia, Canada) GFRP bar reinforcement
13.1.2 Hall’s Harbour Wharf, (2000) (Nova Scotia, Canada) GFRP bar reinforcement
13.1.3 FRP barrier walls
13.1.3 FRP barrier walls
13.1.4 Specialty applications
13.1.4 Specialty applications
13.1.5 Applications of CFRP grids in precast concrete structures
13.1.5 Applications of CFRP grids in precast concrete structures
13.1.6 Applications of CFRP grids in concrete repair
13.1.6 Applications of CFRP grids in concrete repair
13.2—Prestressing applications
13.2—Prestressing applications [Go to Page]
13.2.1 Internal pretensioned reinforcement
13.2.1 Internal pretensioned reinforcement
13.2.2 Post-tensioning applications
13.2.2 Post-tensioning applications
13.2.3 CFRP tendons for lighting poles
13.2.3 CFRP tendons for lighting poles
13.3—External reinforcement
13.3—External reinforcement [Go to Page]
13.3.1 Beam and girder repair
13.3.1 Beam and girder repair
13.3.2 Column wrapping
13.3.2 Column wrapping
13.3.3 Nuclear reactor containment structure
13.3.3 Nuclear reactor containment structure
13.3.4 Prestressed FRP plates or sheets
13.3.4 Prestressed FRP plates or sheets
13.4—Masonry applications
13.4—Masonry applications
13.5—Stay-in-place FRP forms
13.5—Stay-in-place FRP forms [Go to Page]
13.5.1 Marine pile systems and applications
13.5.1 Marine pile systems and applications
13.5.2 Bridge girders
13.5.2 Bridge girders
CHAPTER 14— RESEARCH NEEDS
CHAPTER 14— RESEARCH NEEDS [Go to Page]
14.1— Introduction
14.1— Introduction
14.2—Key research needs
14.2—Key research needs [Go to Page]
14.2.1 Durability and performance-related topics
14.2.1 Durability and performance-related topics [Go to Page]
14.2.1.1 Identification of appropriate environments for durability testing
14.2.1.1 Identification of appropriate environments for durability testing
14.2.1.2 Durability studies of externally bonded FRP repair or retrofit measures
14.2.1.2 Durability studies of externally bonded FRP repair or retrofit measures
14.2.1.3 Durability studies of internal FRP reinforcement
14.2.1.3 Durability studies of internal FRP reinforcement
14.2.1.4 Service life prediction of structures using FRP
14.2.1.4 Service life prediction of structures using FRP
14.2.1.5 Fire resistance and protection of FRP
14.2.1.5 Fire resistance and protection of FRP
14.2.1.6 Seismic and blast resistance of FRP systems
14.2.1.6 Seismic and blast resistance of FRP systems
14.2.2 Development of standardized test methods
14.2.2 Development of standardized test methods
14.2.3 Design and construction guidelines and specifications
14.2.3 Design and construction guidelines and specifications
14.2.4 New materials and systems
14.2.4 New materials and systems [Go to Page]
14.2.4.1 Innovative and hybrid materials
14.2.4.1 Innovative and hybrid materials
14.2.4.2 Innovative reinforcing schemes
14.2.4.2 Innovative reinforcing schemes
14.2.4.3 Self-sensing FRP structural health-monitoring systems
14.2.4.3 Self-sensing FRP structural health-monitoring systems
14.2.5 Future research directions
14.2.5 Future research directions [Go to Page]
14.2.5.1 Leveraging properties of FRP in infrastructure
14.2.5.1 Leveraging properties of FRP in infrastructure
14.2.5.2 Innovative material properties
14.2.5.2 Innovative material properties
14.2.5.3 FRP in sustainable construction
14.2.5.3 FRP in sustainable construction
14.2.5.4 Research partnerships
14.2.5.4 Research partnerships
14.3—Conclusions
14.3—Conclusions
CHAPTER 15— REFERENCES
CHAPTER 15— REFERENCES [Go to Page]
15.1— Referenced standards and reports
15.1— Referenced standards and reports
15.2—Cited references
15.2—Cited references [Go to Page]

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